Non-prescribed antibiotic use for children at community levels in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Edessa, Dumessa; Assefa, Nega; Dessie, Yadeta; Asefa, Fekede; Dinsa, Girmaye; Oljira, Lemessa

doi:10.1186/s40545-022-00454-8

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

Table 1 Characteristics of studies on community-level nonprescription antibiotic use for children, July 2022

From: Non-prescribed antibiotic use for children at community levels in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study	# of NP antibiotic use	Sample	Child age	Method	Major illness for which NP antibiotics used	Primary antibiotics source	Country	Income category [72]	Time of antibiotics use recall from the period of data collection
Abegaz et al. [20]	58	113	≤ 5 years	CS-SC	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	Ethiopia	Low-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Adeyemi et al. [54]	143	389	≤ 5 years	CS	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	Nigeria	Lower middle income	Within 2 months
Al-Noman and Elnimeiri [55]	354	581	≤ 5 years	CS	Acute RTI	Drug outlet	Yemen	Low income	Instantly observed during data collection
Al-Shawi et al. [60]	587	1030	≤ 12 years	CS	Acute RTI	Leftover	Saudi Arabia	Upper-middle-income	Ever recallable
Chang et al. [52]	143	256	≤ 7 years	CS-SC	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	China	Upper-middle-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Chang et al. [61]	1617	3358	5 years	CS	Acute cough	Drug outlet	China	Upper-middle-income	Within 6 months
Chang et al. [39]	1169	2411	≤ 5 years	CS-SC	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	China	Upper-middle-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Diwan et al. [21]	66	164	4 years	CS-SC	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	India	Lower-middle-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Edessa et al. [27]	67	100	≤ 13 years	CS-SC	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	Ethiopia	Low-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Hallit et al. [62]	79	202	≤ 12 years	CS	Acute RTI	Drug outlet	Lebanon	Upper-middle-income	Within 12 months
Hussain et al. [40]	258	355	5 years	CS-SC	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	Pakistan	Lower-middle-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Kibuule et al. [41]	86	199	≤ 5 years	CS	Acute RTI	Drug outlet	Uganda	Low-income	Within 1 month
Koji et al. [53]	166	262	≤ 2 years	CS-SC	Any illness	Drug outlet	Ethiopia	Low-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Lanyero et al. [42]	164	318	≤ 5 years	CS	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	Uganda	Low-income	Within 2 weeks
Lanyero et al. [43]	220	856	≤ 5 years	CS	Acute RTI	Drug outlet	Uganda	Low-income	Within 2 weeks
Lin et al. [62]	621	3579	≤ 13 years	CS	Any illness	Drug outlet	China	Upper-middle-income	Within 1 month
Lin et al. [63]	594	1465	≤ 13 years	CS	Acute RTI	Leftover	China	Upper-middle-income	Within 12 months
Malik et al. [44]	456	773	3–5 years	CS-SC	Acute RTI and Diarrhea	Clinic	Pakistan	Lower-middle-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Miyazaki et al. [22]	22	76	≤ 1 year	CS	Diarrhea, cough and fever	Drug outlet	Cambodia	Lower-middle-income	Within 2 weeks
Mukattash et al. [65]	332	855	≤ 12 years	CS	Fever and RTI	Drug outlet	Jordan	Upper-middle-income	Ever recallable
Nyeko et al. [56]	46	210	≤ 5 years	CS	Febrile illness	Drug outlet	Uganda	Low income	Within 2 weeks
Ocan et al. [59]	175	390	≤ 12 years	CS	Acute RTI	Clinic	Uganda	Low-income	Within 2 weeks
Ogbo et al. [23]	58	186	2.5 years	CS-SC	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	Nigeria	Lower-middle-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Paredes et al. [58]	120	231	≤ 5 years	CS	Any illness	Drug outlet	Peru	Upper-middle-income	Within 12 months
Saengcharoen et al. [24]	60	115	4 years	CS-SC	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	Thailand	Upper-middle-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Samir et al. [45]	478	2784	≤ 5 years	CS	Febrile Illness	Drug outlet	Bangladesh	Lower-middle-income	Within 2 weeks
Shet et al. [51]	92	146	4 years	CS-SC	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	India	Lower-middle-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Shi et al. [25]	58	73	4 years	CS-SC	Acute cough	Drug outlet	China	Upper-middle-income	Instantly observed during data collection
Simon et al. [46]	292	612	≤ 5 years	CS	Any illness	Drug outlet	Tanzania	Lower-middle-income	Within 12 months
Sun et al. [38]	4580	9838	≤ 13 years	CS	Any illness	Leftover	China	Upper-middle-income	Within 1 month
Togoobaatar et al. [47]	213	503	≤ 5 years	CS	Any illness	Drug outlet	Mongolia	Lower-middle-income	Within 6 months
Wu et al. [48]	172	1188	≤ 5 years	CS	Any illness	Drug outlet	China	Upper-middle-income	Within 6 months
Xu et al. [66]	410	1275	≤ 13 years	CS	Any illness	Leftover	China	Upper-middle-income	Within 1 month
Xu et al. [67]	402	1255	≤ 13 years	CS	Any illness	Leftover	China	Upper-middle-income	Within 1 month
Yu et al. [68]	529	854	≤ 12 years	CS	Any illness	Leftover	China	Upper-middle-income	Within 12 months
Yuan et al. [69]	330	1116	≤ 12 years	CS	Any illness	Drug outlet	China	Upper middle income	Within 12 months
Zawahir et al. [57]	135	316	5 years	CS-SC	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	Vietnam	Lower middle income	Instantly observed during data collection
Zhu et al. [71]	487	1211	≤ 5 years	CS	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	China	Upper-middle-income	Within 1 month
Zwisler et al. [50]	476	805	≤ 5 years	CS	Acute diarrhea	Drug outlet	India	Lower-middle-income	Within 2–3 days
Total	16,315	40,450

^#number, CS cross-sectional design, NP non-prescribed, CS-SC cross-sectional study with simulated case, RTI respiratory tract infection, and WB World Bank

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ISSN: 2052-3211

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