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Table 11 The barriers to implement PV and ADR reporting vs sociodemographic characteristics

From: A national survey of knowledge, attitude, practice, and barriers towards pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting among hospital pharmacy practitioners in the United Arab Emirates

Demographic characteristics

Median knowledge score (IQR)

p-value

Gender

 Female

27 (23–29)

0.447a

 Male

26 (23–29)

Age

 20–29

26 (23–29)

0.192b

 30–39

27 (24–29)

 40–49

26 (21.5–29)

 ≥ 50

23.5 (21–27.5)

Nationality

 Emirati

29 (27.25–30.75)

0.170b

 Non-Emirati:

 

  - Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Jordan, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Yemen)

26 (23–28.5)

  - Asia (India, Pakistan, Philippines, Bangladesh)

26 (23–29)

  - Africa (Moroccan, Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, Egypt, Sudan, Nigeria, Somalia)

27 (23.25–29)

  - America and North America (USA, Canada)c

  - Europe (UK, Cyprus)c

Qualification

 Diploma in Pharmacy

24 (21.5–29.75)

0.199b

 Bachelor in Pharmacy

27 (23–30)

 PharmD

26 (23–28)

 Master in Pharmacy

26 (24–28)

 PhD

22 (20.5–25)

Country of graduation

 UAE

26 (23–28.75)

0.501b

 Other countries:

 

  - Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran)

26 (23.5–28.5)

  - Asia (India, Pakistan, Philippines, Bangladesh)

26 (23–29)

  - Africa (Libya, Algeria, Egypt, Sudan, Somalia)

27 (25–29)

  - America and North America (USA, Canada)

29 (26.5–30)

  - Europe (UK, Cyprus)c

Current position

 Pharmacist technicianc

 < 0.001b,*

 Pharmacist

27 (23–29)

 Clinical pharmacist

25 (22–27)

 Pharmacist in charge

27 (24–30)

 Inpatient pharmacist

25 (23–27)

 Outpatient pharmacist

29 (25–31)

 Pharmacy manager

24 (20–25)

Years of experiences

 < 5

27 (23.25–29)

0.008b

 5–9

26 (24–29)

 10–14

25.5 (22.75–27)

 ≥ 15

23 (18–26.5)

Type of setting (hospitals)

 Semi-governmental hospitals

28 (26–29)

0.193b

 Private non-teaching hospitals

26 (23–29)

 Private teaching hospitals

25 (23–27)

 Governmental hospitals

26 (22–29)

Name of the emirates

 Abu Dhabi

25 (22–28)

 < 0.001b,*

 Dubai

26 (23–28)

 Northern Emirates (Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah, Umm Al Quwain, Fujairah)

28 (26–30)

  1. Bold values indicate statistical significance
  2. IQR interquartile range
  3. aMann–Whitney test
  4. bKruskal–Wallis test
  5. cThe total responses may not sum up to 100% in few cases due to low intervals
  6. *Significant (p < 0.05)