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Table 1 Clinical Presentation of Paraquat Intoxication

From: Predicting mortality in paraquat poisoning through clinical findings, with a focus on pulmonary and cardiovascular system disorders

Characteristics

Number of patients (%)

Gastrointestinal tract disorder (n = 141)

 

 - Yesa,b

116 (82.3)

  - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

89 (28.6)

  - Esophageal ulceration, dysphagia, heartburn

87 (28.0)

  - Oral ulceration, white patch (paraquat tongue)

67 (21.6)

  - Others

68 (21.8)

Renal disorder (n = 138)

 

 - Yesa,c

99 (71.7)

  - Acute kidney injury/acute renal failure

74 (43.3)

  - Hypokalemia

46 (26.9)

  - Lactic acidosis/metabolic acidosis

25 (14.6)

  - Others

26 (15.2)

Pulmonary disorder (n = 139)

 

 - Yesa,d

63 (45.3)

  - Tachypnea, dyspnea

69 (39.7)

  - Acute respiratory failure

28 (16.1)

  - Lung infiltration

11 (6.3)

  - Others

66 (37.9)

Hepatic disorder (n = 138)

 

 - Yesa,e

50 (36.2)

  - Elevated liver enzymes

59 (66.3)

  - Liver failure

11 (12.4)

  - Acute hepatitis

8 (8.9)

  - Others

11 (12.4)

Cardiovascular system disorder (n = 138)

 

 - Yesa,f

40 (29.0)

  - Tachycardia

25 (39.7)

  - Shock

15 (23.8)

  - Others

23 (36.5)

Central nervous system disorder (n = 138)

 

 - Yesa,g

20 (14.5)

  - Loss of consciousness

20 (74.1)

  - Others

7 (25.9)

Dermatological disorder (n = 138)

 

 - Yes

14 (10.1)

  - Sweating

6 (42.8)

  - Conjunctivitis

4 (28.6)

  - Others

4 (28.6)

  1. aMore than one clinical presentation might be found in one patient
  2. bn = 311
  3. cn = 171
  4. dn = 174
  5. en = 89
  6. fn = 63
  7. gn = 27